https://www.nenadmarkovic.net/articles daily 0.75 2026-08-25 https://www.nenadmarkovic.net/articles/3-pillars-of-repertoire-development monthly 0.5 2026-08-24 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/251d7df0-aff9-4147-8356-ae36b2722838/Road+to+the+Masterpiece+%281%29.png Articles - In Pursuit of the Masterpiece - 3 Pillars of Repertoire Development - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/a5ce15ba-e37f-4342-bd40-4d8d9f8d47ce/sensanssve.png Articles - In Pursuit of the Masterpiece - 3 Pillars of Repertoire Development - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/ee64aa4b-e005-4668-bf19-aaf17dc9bc93/glazunov_orig.png Articles - In Pursuit of the Masterpiece - 3 Pillars of Repertoire Development - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/ab060895-68a7-4159-8dcd-180258efab7b/glazunov+b.png Articles - 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Articles - Iranski rastanak - Make it stand out Note on tuning: while Persian theoretical sources prescribe a neutral interval (closer to a three-quarter tone) between the first and second degrees (G-A♭), in practice, at least in the vocal performance examined here, this interval is only slightly larger than a semitone and is closer to the Turkish küçük mücennep (ca. 112 cents). Consequently, A♭ is notated in the same way as in Iraqi maqām. This note would be played considerably higher when forming part of an excursion into Bayāt, which does occur in Iraqi maqām. However, since no such situation is to be found in Nizamski rastanak, this distinction is not relevant to the present analysis. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/0982468a-d4b4-49df-99b9-d0bee7877402/nizozemske+note.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Iranski rastanak - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/097fc08b-40c3-428a-90ce-35dde41cc2ea/nizozemsko+pore%C4%91enje%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Iranski rastanak - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/7e9cc7fb-138e-4b86-bd2f-93f9494b5dbf/nizozemsko+be%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Iranski rastanak - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/32e96aa0-4511-4592-9e1d-5466c76a9bbc/dd2afef8-bf2c-4cd5-ad55-3a3932cc550e%283%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Iranski rastanak - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.nenadmarkovic.net/specters-of-maqam/trumpet-tuning-and-maqam monthly 0.5 2026-09-12 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/1dbe53f4-293c-4383-8bfa-2a71dddc7b3b/1000001626+transparent.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Now, on the fundamental diatonic scale that all of the earliest modes were extracted from, the wusta or middle finger would have a variable position, somewhere between the minor and the major 3rd in relation to the open string and RAST. So we had wusta al-Furs (the Persian-style wusta) very slightly above the minor third (Farabi puts it at 302 cents, with the minor third being at 294 cents - the combination of a 204 cent Pythagorean whole tone and the 90 cent limma). Then there is the famous wusta al-Zalzal right in the middle (354 cents according to Farabi), and later we have Urmawi who puts it on the just-intonation major third (384 cents above the open string). Each of these tunings was favored by different regional traditions (Persian, Arabic, Turkish), however the exact pitch of the wusta is often variable even within the same composition, and would typically be lower in a downward cadential function. The true major third (the binsir position) isn’t found on the fundamental diatonic scale, but belonged to the so called arabat/ansaf, or “complementary tones”, which were used in some derived modes. Finally, the perfect fourth is placed at the little finger position, just a limma (a small semitone) away from the ring finger, which makes sense anatomically. At the same time, this note is found on the open string position of the next, higher string, so the whole cycle can continue. Therefore there will typically be two wusta positions within one octave https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/993d7f83-ffc4-4f6e-86ad-56cbb25cd2f4/image.psd%2817%29%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/819073c2-aa65-4190-aabd-1b96dc32d94a/MS+scales+onlyC+transparent.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Make it stand out C-RAST FUNDAMENTAL DIATONIC SCALE (MIDDLE ROW) WITH ARABAT/ANSAF (TOP AND BOTTOM ROWS) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/a5bc2ca0-534a-4e92-a6e0-765553ca956a/MS+scales+onlyF+transparent.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Make it stand out F-RAST FUNDAMENTAL DIATONIC SCALE (MIDDLE ROW) WITH ARABAT/ANSAF (TOP AND BOTTOM ROWS) AND AN ADDITIONAL WUSTA ON C HALF SHARP https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/e53b9c08-1e3e-49cd-8630-6c338cdc1185/ms+subway+only+transparent.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/105edb66-7ee1-4bc8-a34b-66540d83b0e1/tierlist%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/32e96aa0-4511-4592-9e1d-5466c76a9bbc/dd2afef8-bf2c-4cd5-ad55-3a3932cc550e%283%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Trumpet tuning and Maqam - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.nenadmarkovic.net/specters-of-maqam/structure-of-maqam-4-analytical-perspectives monthly 0.5 2026-09-09 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/7d5b9397-2cd0-4ea0-aa82-4b7678b16cdd/ramlmaya.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out A scale of Ramal al-Maya as represented in the Wikipedia article on Andalusian Nuba https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/595dfd08-11f6-4c15-b880-8bd47092b533/ramlmaqadavis%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out A scale of Ramal al-Maya after Salah el-Mahdi, as represented in Ruth Davis’ 1996 article “Arab-Andalusian Music in Tunisia” Early Music, Vol. 24, No. 3, Early Music from Around the World (Aug., 1996), pp. 423-426 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/7dfd731e-f897-4a69-a3a5-35317eaf109f/drvo.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out The “transmodal tree” depicting the four main usul: Rast and its three derivations, ‘Iraq, Zir’afkend, and Isfahan, as well as eight furu‘ and six aqazat derived from the usul. (source: Nidaa Abou Mrad: The Musicological Revealer, by Muẓaffar al-Ḥiṣnī: a sixteenth century treatise about modal transformational grammar) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/3aae4150-207e-4263-b6de-e2913821207f/schenker+1%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Heinrich Schenker’s Ursatz https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/962be5f4-645a-4c63-bd94-aa552343d657/schenker+2.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/9cb843f7-9f7e-429c-a9a6-9faed2daf42d/schenker3.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out The model of competing thirds https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/788f17fa-b503-4a3c-9826-4079920312e9/lad%282%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Two examples of lad structures, illustrating the basic symmetrical system and one of the more complex forms. Reproduced from Philip Ewell, “On the Russian Concept of Lād, 1830–1945.” https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/46c14f6d-6cd1-432d-8778-3376bcb85fd6/lad+chords+flavors%281%29+transparent.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out 12 archetypal Flavors represented as symmetrical systems https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/4509e4bd-5886-4755-872e-b74477acccd9/FLAVORS%284%29s%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/77b011ce-ead4-4cbc-9ddf-37583cab2d00/image.psd%2831%29%281%29%282%29%281%29%282%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out A scale of Ramal al-Maya with colored bows and arrows https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/a11a2431-4e13-45c6-bafe-0ce71bf5a3ae/RHIZOMATIC+MODEL%281%29%282%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out A rhizomatic model showing all available flavors between two nodes, beginning with the F-Rast master scale, with the wusta on E half-flat and A half-flat, and extending four steps down the circle of fourths to incorporate A-Rast, with the wusta on C half-sharp. In an ideal three-dimensional representation, the nodes (notes connected by the ellipse) would occupy the same space. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/fec1f8f0-dbae-45bb-b40e-a504547a863c/FLAVORS%286%29%281%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Four models and their commonalities https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/2ade9106-3897-490f-a9a9-984b924b7243/image.psd%2832%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/32e96aa0-4511-4592-9e1d-5466c76a9bbc/dd2afef8-bf2c-4cd5-ad55-3a3932cc550e%283%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - The structure of Maqam - 4 analytical models - Make it stand out Whatever it is, the way you tell your story online can make all the difference. https://www.nenadmarkovic.net/specters-of-maqam/12-archetypal-flavors-of-maqam monthly 0.5 2026-09-11 https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/2f93bb64-94da-435b-8603-3cbf3cdbe15e/flavors+def.png Specters Of Maqam - 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Articles - Maqam as a trans-cultural phenomenon - Make it stand out Fig 1. Connections and influences in the Baghdad music "scene" https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/02850ba1-657e-467e-92e5-884f2b5f222d/Kitab+al+Adwar.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Maqam as a trans-cultural phenomenon - Make it stand out Fig. 2 A page from Kitāb al-Adwār (courtesy of University of Pennsylvania Library) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/a36bd6cb-7fbb-4ecd-a4bc-606e7a6dcf28/aeu+transapa.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Maqam as a trans-cultural phenomenon - Make it stand out Fig 3: Arel-Ezgi Uzdilek 9-comma division with accidentals for 1 comma, small semitone (4 c), large semitone (5 c) and a small tone ( 8c) (Image by SZC 03 on Wikipedia) https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/6a846aef6d7e4d1b80af15cd/360f2d9d-6913-434f-acaf-15b89763d3f5/image.psd%2826%29.png Specters Of Maqam - Articles - Maqam as a trans-cultural phenomenon - Make it stand out Fig. 5: 17-tone fret system of the Azerbaijani tar, documented after the instrument of Sadiq Əsədoğlu, late 19th century. 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